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11 documenti Per Leads lags
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Recent years have again brought to the fore the need to restore effective quantitative and qualitative control of public spending in Italy. The protracted, implacable growth of primary current expenditure was long offset and hidden by an increase in the ratio of tax revenue to GDP, the curbing of capital expenditure, and the significant contraction -- now at an end -- in interest expenditure. Effective control is impeded, however, by slow economic growth and poor social cohesion, by lack of political will and political capability, and by some institutional features of the budget formulation and management process. Among the institutional factors that make public expenditure rigid and hard to control, this article focuses on the length of the process for making decisions and acting and o...
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Oggi è in atto una rivoluzione nella produzione e distribuzione della conoscenza a livello mondiale. Legato allo sviluppo delle tecnologie digitali, questo fenomeno è un fattore determinante di cambiamento nella vita stessa dei cittadini. Si parla in questo contesto di ecologia della conoscenza per indicare l’obiettivo (e le modalità per raggiungerlo), di una società incentrata sull’apertura, la condivisione, la personalizzazione e la partecipazione interattiva dei cittadini alla creazione di nuova conoscenza. In questo contesto i cosiddetti "modelli aperti" (accesso aperto, dati aperti, fonti aperte, contenuti aperti) rappresentano una condizione essenziale per la realizzazione di un sistema di valori basato sull’idea della conoscenza come bene comune, sul ripensamento dei concetti di ...
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This essay examines the positioning of the Italian productive system to catch the updraft of a possible recovery following the spread of the financial crisis to the real economy. Comparing Italy with its leading trading partners, the analysis points up several accumulated weaknesses that could be stumbling-blocks to sound and lasting growth. In particular, an unsatisfactory productivity performance, whose causes are examined, severely limits Italy's ability to compete globally, with adverse repercussions on output and employment growth. On the basis of the findings, this essay suggests possible industrial policy measures that would take account of the fundamental characteristics of the Italian economy in seeking to combine and reconcile the urgency of short-term action with the need for...
...3. Leads and lags with respect to other economies. An exami...
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... the interest rate assumed exogenous, which leads to the standard equation (1): . [MATHEMATICAL EXPR...(2001) are used. DOLS incorporates lags and leads of the regressors in first differences a...
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...This calls for first differencing and using lags of the dependent and explanatory variables as inst... in the initial level of GRP per capita leads to 0. 71% decrease in GRP per capita growth. . Usi...
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... real GDP and potential GDP, and to four lags of HICP inflation. The underlined structure of agg...
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The official data indicate a much less severe impact of the international crisis on employment and on the incomes of wage-earners and pensioners in Italy than might have been predicted. But the standard measure of unemployment agreed at international level has some shortcomings. For one thing, the "objective" definition of unemployment is a poor fit with the Italian labour market. And for another, the emergence of "semi-employment" - the alternation of brief periods of work with periods of unemployment or economic inactivity - and the considerable increase in labour hoarding make the state of the market hard to read. This article offers a more in-depth examination of the impact of the crisis, using labour force survey data to count workers on wage supplementation, the semi-employed and ...
... the perception of higher unemployment leads them to preclude all possibility of employment. Th... with the precrisis situation (ignoring time lags in the impact of the various factors), official un...
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...It follows that time lags are not needed when estimating the influence of go...That leads to a differentiation in their perception. Data on ...
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Introduction. 2. General Properties of Neural Networks. 3. Pattern Association in Economic Time-Series Forecasting. 4. Using Backpropagation Networks for Pattern Association. 4.1. Pattern Association with Feedforward Networks. 4.2. Learning in Backpropagation Networks. 5. Difficulties in Forecasting Time Semes. 5.1. General Forecasting Problems. 5.2. The Generalization Problem. 6. How to Find a Backpropagation Net with Optimal Generalization Performance. 6.1. Selecting input and output data. 6.2. Preprocessing and Postprocessing. 6.3. Network Topology. 6.4. Pruning. 6.5. Stopped Training. 6.6. Penalty Terms. 7. Results. 8. Conclusions. References.
...This leads to more parameters (bigger neural nets), which imp... derived from 11 time-series using windows, lags, and different transformations. Among the input ti...
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... a structural break exists in the data which leads to biased estimates. . Examination of the time pro... in parenthesis represent the number of lags used. The choice of the number of lags is chosen o...
